Is the Universe Really Expanding? A Bold 4D Theory Says No. Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology
Physicists: No Need for Dark Energy or Expanding Universe?"
A novel framework proposing a 4D hypersphere universe where cosmological redshift emerges from geometric projection, eliminating the need for dark energy and universal expansion
TEGS Conference 2025Budapest, Hungary May 30, 2025
4D Hypersphere Model
Universe as a four-dimensional hypersphere with a stereographic projection explaining cosmological phenomena
No Dark Energy
Cosmological redshift explained geometrically without invoking universal expansion or dark energy
New Distance Metrics
Novel methodology for measuring galactic distances using hypersphere geometry and projection mathematics
Conference Overview
The first-ever TechNet Earth Global Science (TEGS) Conference commenced on May 30, 2025, in Budapest, Hungary [1] [2]. Originally envisioned to be held in Hawaii, the conference found its venue in the "unique and historic capital of Budapest" [1].
"The event was described as a culmination of a long and difficult process with many disintegrations, failures, and beautiful coincidences which have all contributed to the current incarnation of Technet Earth Global Sciences Budapest 2025 conference."
— Christopher O'Neill, Conference Co-organizer
The conference was hosted at Dean's Budapest Hotel [2] [3] and conducted in a hybrid format, combining in-person presentations with virtual sessions [1] [2]. The morning sessions featured in-person talks, while afternoon sessions transitioned to virtual presentations.
TEGS Mission and Vision
The primary purpose of the Teknet Earth Global Science (TEGS) consortium is to push the boundaries of knowledge about the Universe and to gain a higher understanding of humanity's place within it [1] [2]. This overarching goal is pursued through research into various facets of theoretical physics, including quantum mechanics, cosmology, general relativity, geophysics, and physical constants.
Conference Highlights
Presentations on "very breakthrough, first-of-a-kind models" and "innovative new ways of looking at things"
Research that "nobody has done that before," indicating focus on novel and potentially paradigm-shifting ideas
Panel discussions involving both in-person and virtual participants
Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology: Core Concepts
4D Hypersphere Universe
Christopher O'Neill's presentation introduced a novel cosmological model centered around a four-dimensional (4D) hypersphere [1] [2]. The core idea of APC is to explain cosmological phenomena, particularly redshift, through the geometric mechanism of stereographic projection from this 4D hypersphere onto a three-dimensional (3D) tangent space.
Anamorphic Analogy
O'Neill drew an analogy with anamorphic art, referencing a drawing by Swami Vivan Nanda, where an image appears distorted from one perspective but resolves into a recognizable form from another specific viewpoint. In APC, the universe as perceived from our 3D tangent space is akin to such an anamorphic projection.
Visualization of 4D hypersphere stereographic projection
Distances and scales are functions of position relative to a hypersphere
Eight-dimensional coordinate system: 4D hypersphere + 3D tangent space
Projective point at infinity enables universe inversion
Mathematical Implementation
The mathematical implementation involves transforming galactic coordinates from observational data, such as that from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), onto the surface of the 4D hypersphere [1]. By applying 4D stereographic transformations, the perceived distribution of galaxies can be manipulated; rotating the hypersphere by 180 degrees can effectively "turn the entire universe inside out" [1].
Coordinate System
x, y, z, w: Hypersphere coordinates
i, j, k: Tangent space coordinates
0,0,0,1: Projective point at infinity
h-coordinates: Cataloging system for celestial objects
Key Insight
Fitting all observed galaxies into a transformed, inverted model required a spatial rescaling factor of approximately 70, noted for its proximity to common estimates of the Hubble constant (in km/s per megaparsec) [1].
Explaining Cosmological Redshift Without Dark Energy
A central tenet of Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology (APC) is its ability to explain cosmological redshift without invoking the continuous expansion of the universe or the existence of dark energy [1] [2].
Geometric Alternative to Expansion
In standard Big Bang cosmology, redshift (z) is primarily interpreted as a Doppler shift caused by galaxies receding from us due to the expansion of space. The APC model offers a geometric alternative: redshift arises from the stereographic projection of light from the surface of a 4D hypersphere onto our 3D tangent space [1].
Standard Model
Redshift = Doppler effect from recession
Requires dark energy for acceleration
Continuous expansion over billions of years
Universe began from singularity
APC Model
Redshift = Geometric projection effect
No dark energy required
Discrete 24-hour expansion event
Universe as 4D hypersphere projection
"APC explains the cosmological red shift without... continuously expanding new words therefore does away with the need of dark energy"
— Christopher O'Neill, TEGS 2025 Presentation
Anamorphic Distortion Effect
As objects are located further from the tangent point of this projection (which corresponds to being further "out" on the hypersphere), their emitted light undergoes a "stretching" or increase in wavelength. This effect is likened to the distortion seen in anamorphic art, where elements become increasingly elongated or compressed depending on their position relative to the viewer or the projection surface [1].
Key Implications
Perceived acceleration could be an artifact of anamorphic projection
Further galaxies appear fainter due to light "spreading out" in projection
Universe might be static or evolve differently on the hypersphere
Our 3D perspective creates an illusion of expansion
Galactic Distance Measurements Using APC
New Methodology
Christopher O'Neill detailed a new methodology for measuring galactic distances within the APC framework [1]. This approach moves away from relying on recessional velocities derived from redshift, which are considered "very unlikely" under the APC model, and instead focuses on the geometric properties of the 4D hypersphere and its stereographic projection.
Core Process
Divide hypersphere into numerous strata (n=1,600)
Consider small displacement equivalent to hydrogen rest wavelength
Project onto 3D tangent space and measure resulting Z value
Calculate distances using basic trigonometry
Technical Implementation
The process involved plotting redshift curves for various semi circumferences of the hypersphere, ranging from 100,000 to 10 billion with a step size of 10 million [1].
Range Start:100,000
Range End:10,000,000,000
Step Size:10,000,000
Zero Crossing Index:465
Key Finding
The "zero crossing" point was identified as corresponding to structures like the "great wall of galaxies," effectively the observable horizon within this model. This yielded a semicircumference of 4,660,100 km [1].
Computational Advantages
The derived circumference of 9.3 billion meters is significantly smaller than initial attempts using very large circumferences (e.g., 1 megaparsec), which resulted in "unphysical" outcomes and required extremely high numerical precision (10²⁶ points) [1].
Python
Ordinary computational tools sufficient
Neural Networks
Can be employed for modeling
Linear Regression
Used to fit nonlinear functions
Key Mathematical Elements
The APC presentation incorporated several distinct mathematical elements to model the universe's geometry and its perceived expansion, creating connections between number theory, algebraic geometry, and complex analysis with cosmological principles.
Lucas's Cannonball Problem
A notable connection was made to Lucas's Cannonball Problem, a well-known problem in number theory posed by Édouard Lucas in 1875. The non-trivial solution involves 24 cannonballs on a side, resulting in 70² total cannonballs (4900) [1].
Cosmological Connection
Spatial rescaling factor
24-hour expansion period
This 24-hour expansion, scaling from 0 to 70, was modeled as a continuous process using an elliptic curve, suggesting a deep connection between number theory and cosmology.
Mathematical Framework
Elliptic curve modeling universe expansion
Elliptic Curve 1728 y
Diophantine equation derived from Lucas problem, modeling the expansion rate
Weierstrass Normal Forms
Standard form for elliptic curves analysis
Riemann Zeta Function
Mapping and analytical continuation connections
Riemann Zeta Function Connection
The presentation explored the relationship between the Diophantine equation and the Riemann zeta function [1]. When the elliptic curve was overlaid on an analytically continued Riemann zeta function, it revealed that the "first iteration of the hypersphere at one hour encloses the only cusp value in the Riemann zeta function" [1].
Proto-Universe Bubble
The "proto-universe bubble," suggested by the elliptic curve model of expansion, was described as having stationary maximum and minimum critical points related to the Diophantine equation, which were then used to determine the size of this initial bubble [1].
• Stationary maximum critical point defines the greatest extent
• Stationary minimum critical point provides size constraints
• Critical points related to Diophantine equation solutions
Cosmological Implications
The Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology model carries several profound implications for our understanding of the universe's structure and evolution, challenging conventional notions of cosmic topology and observational perspective.
Universe Inversion
One striking implication is the concept of "universe inversion." Through the 4D stereographic projection, it's possible to rotate the hypersphere by 180 degrees, which effectively "turns the entire universe inside out" [1].
Transformation Process
Apply 4D stereographic projection to SDSS galaxy data
Rotate hypersphere by 180 degrees
Rescale transformed galaxies by factor of ~70
Galaxies fit within voids of original structure
Topological Challenge
This operation, previously thought impossible based on Einstein's work according to O'Neill, suggests that the observed large-scale structure of galaxies could be a specific projection of a very different arrangement on the hypersphere.
Scaling Factor: ~70
Hubble Constant (H₀)~70 km/s/Mpc
APC Scaling Factor~70 (dimensionless)
Coincidence? Same numerical value but different physical meanings
24-Hour Expansion Period
The universe's large-scale structure and redshift pattern could be the result of a rapid, discrete geometric event over 24 hours, rather than billions of years of continuous expansion [1].
24-Hour Event
Radical Departure from Mainstream Cosmology
The idea that cosmic structure emerged from a rapid geometric transformation rather than gradual expansion represents a radical departure from mainstream cosmology. This 24-hour "expansion" was modeled by an elliptic curve, suggesting a smooth but finite process leading to the current anamorphic state [1].
No Dark Energy
Geometric explanation eliminates need for dark energy
Compact Universe
Observable cosmos compressed into smaller hypersphere
Perspective Illusion
Expansion as artifact of 3D projection
"These implications, if substantiated, would fundamentally alter our understanding of cosmic history and the nature of cosmological observations."
TEGS 2025 Conference Analysis
Hypersphere Dimensions and Properties
Based on the new methodology for galactic distance measurements within Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology, specific calculated dimensions and physical properties of the proposed 4D hypersphere were presented.
Geometric Dimensions
The key parameter derived was the semicircumference of the hypersphere, determined to be 4,660,100 kilometers [1]. From this, other dimensions were calculated using standard geometric formulas for a 4D hypersphere.
Calculated Dimensions
Semicircumference:4,660,100 km
Radius:~1.5 billion meters
Diameter:~2.9 billion meters
Circumference:9.3 billion meters
Surface Area (3D):6.4 × 10²⁸ m³
Volume (4D):2.3 × 10³⁷ m⁴
Scale Comparison
Compact hypersphere vs. vast observable universe
Significance
These dimensions are significantly smaller than the observable universe in standard cosmology, reinforcing that the APC model compresses the observable cosmos into a much more compact structure on the hypersphere.
Surface Tension Analysis
Calculation of surface tension and pressure differences to determine if hypersphere behaves like a "bubble" (two surfaces) or "droplet" (one surface)
Thermodynamic Properties
Derived temperature gradient converges towards the observed CMB temperature of ~2.7 Kelvin
Physical Properties and Thermodynamics
The presentation delved into derived physical properties of the hypersphere, including surface tension, pressure differentials, temperature gradients, and entropy calculations [1].
Bubble vs Droplet Analysis
Calculation involving force divided by length squared (where length was the circumference) yielded a value of 1.24331468, and since this result was divided by two (implying two surfaces), it was suggested the hypersphere might be bubble-like [1].
Surface Tension Value:1.24331468
Divided by 2:→ Bubble-like
Universal Gravitational Function
The specific value was related to a "universal gravitational function" by incorporating Newton's gravitational constant and the circumference value, resulting in 1.24 × 10²⁴ m⁵ kg⁻¹ s⁻² [1].
1.24 × 10²⁴ m⁵ kg⁻¹ s⁻²
Universal Gravitational Function
Thermodynamic Calculations
Pressure and Temperature
The pressure differential between inside and outside of the hypersphere was calculated to drop from infinity to a value very close to 1.6 (specifically 1.7986), noted as being close to the value of an electron volt [1].
Pressure Differential:1.7986
CMB Temperature:~2.7 Kelvin
Entropy and Heat
A discrete Legendre transform of the CMB temperature yielded an entropy value of 6.66 × 10²⁰ Boltzmanns. Multiplying this entropy by the CMB temperature (2.7 K) gave a "delta heat of the system" as 1.799 × 10²¹ [1].
Entropy:6.66 × 10²⁰ B
Delta Heat:1.799 × 10²¹
Summary of Physical Properties
These calculations aim to establish a consistent set of physical parameters for the APC hypersphere model, linking its geometry to thermodynamic quantities and providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the universe's physical properties within this novel cosmological paradigm.
Other Presentations and Speakers
The TEGS 2025 conference featured a diverse range of presentations, covering topics from fundamental physics to applied mathematics, showcasing the breadth of scientific inquiry within the consortium.
Superluminal Phenomena
Rajan Iyer's presentation on "superluminal condensates" suggested phenomena or states of matter that can exist or propagate faster than the speed of light, tying into broader themes of exploring physics beyond the Standard Model [1].
Faster-than-light propagation
Time quantization
Quantum gravity unification
Planetary Evolution
László Horváth's "planetary erosion hypothesis" posits that rocky planets undergo continuous erosion, defining their lifecycle, with a decrease in gravitational force being significant in this process [1].
Planetary birth-life-passing cycle
Erosion as primary driver
Asteroid belt formation
Conference Proceedings and Additional Information
Journal Publication
The proceedings of the TEGS 2025 conference, specifically the in-person presentations, were planned for publication, with materials related to "Quantum Superluminal Cosmology Geo Physics" appearing in the "Journal of Nuclear Physics" [2] [5].
Publication Details
PDF document titled "Quantum Superluminal Cosmology Geo Physics – Tegs 2025 Budapest" available on the journal website
Listed under July 2025 publications
Includes abstracts from O'Neill, Iyer, and Horváth
Contains TEGS consortium and conference information
The publication of these proceedings in a journal provides a citable record of the research presented at the inaugural TEGS conference, contributing to the dissemination of novel ideas and models discussed, while lending academic credibility to the conference and its participants.
Video Recordings
The TEGS 2025 conference was associated with video recordings, and TEGS maintains a YouTube channel for its activities [2]. The PDF document explicitly mentions "Associating videos" and provides links to specific YouTube content.
Video Resources
Specific Conference Videos
Accessibility and Reach
These video resources serve as a valuable complement to written proceedings, offering a more dynamic and direct way to engage with the research and the presenters. The availability of such recordings enhances the transparency and reach of the TEGS initiative.
Hybrid Conference Format
The TEGS 2025 conference was conducted in a hybrid format, combining in-person presentations with virtual sessions [1] [2]. This modern approach to academic conferencing aimed to maximize engagement and accessibility while adapting to logistical and geographical constraints.
Morning Sessions (In-Person)
Christopher O'Neill - Anamorphic Perspective Cosmology
László Attila Horváth - Planetary Erosion Hypothesis
Rajan Iyer - Superluminal Condensates & Quantum Gravity
Dean's Budapest Hotel venue
Direct interaction and networking
Afternoon Sessions (Virtual)
Emanuel Marquakis - Superluminal Quantum Gravitation
Antonius Balamandas - Super Graviton Vacuum
Dr. Muhammad Kurle - Virus Transmission Modeling
International participation
YouTube integration for questions
Panel Discussion: The panel discussion involved both in-person and virtual participants, with opportunities for audience questions via YouTube, reflecting a comprehensive approach to scientific discourse and community engagement [1].
References
[1] TechNet Earth Global Science Conference 2025 - Live presentations and discussions, Budapest, Hungary, May 30, 2025.
[2] "Quantum Superluminal Cosmology Geo Physics – Tegs 2025 Budapest" - Journal of Nuclear Physics, July 2025.
[3] Dean's Budapest Hotel - Conference venue information and hosting details.
[4] NH Budapest City Hotel - Alternative venue mentioned in conference materials.
[5] Journal of Nuclear Physics - Publication platform for TEGS 2025 proceedings.
~ New Fire Energy
Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice. All information presented is based on publicly available sources and materials from the TechNet Earth Global Science Conference 2025.